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Satoshi's 2008 whitepaper is nine pages and contains no new cryptography. The insight was a combination: hash-linked blocks (1991, Haber/Stornetta), digital signatures (1970s), proof-of-work (1997, HashCash), and a longest-chain rule. Recognizing that the innovation was a system design, not a primitive, is key to reading any protocol paper since.
Go read the Bitcoin whitepaper at bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf — it's 9 pages. Section 4 ('Proof-of-Work') reuses Adam Back's HashCash almost verbatim. Section 5 ('Network') describes Byzantine agreement via longest chain — echoing Lamport's work from the 1980s. What was new was the wiring: PoW resolves forks → longest chain is canonical → sybil resistance comes from hashrate, not identity → therefore anonymous participants can reach agreement. Each piece existed; the combo made digital cash possible.